Abstract: As one of the earliest movie stars in China, Yang Naimei’s life reflects the process of professionalization and modernization of Chinese women in the early 20th century. This study discusses the life practices and significance of Yang Naimei as a Chinese flapper. Flapper refers to the modern girl who arose in Europe and America in the 1920s as a challenge to traditional lifestyles. Yang Naimei fully embodied the characters of the flapper. She often played an unruly woman on the screen, and she had many relationships in her life, accumulating wealth and a reputation with her acting career. However, society at that time did not provide enough space for the sustainable development of the women’s generation, like Yang Naimei, in economic, political and personal life. After the loss of her youth, she was disposed of by the film industry and suffered from poverty and disease in the latter half of her life. Taking Yang Naimei as an illustration of the times can reflect the twists and turns in the treatment of Chinese women offered by the society.

Resumo: Yang Naimei (杨耐梅) é uma estrela de cinema chinesa da primeira metade do século XX. O estudo discute a prática de vida e o significado de Yang Naimei como uma flapper chinesa. Flapper se refere à garota moderna que cresceu na Europa e na América, na década de 1920, e desafia o estilo de vida tradicional. Yang Naimei é boa em atuar como uma mulher indisciplinada, na tela. Ela teve muitos relacionamentos em sua vida. Ela acumulou riqueza e reputação com sua carreira de atriz, que incorpora totalmente as características da flapper. No entanto, a sociedade da época não oferecia espaço suficiente para o desenvolvimento sustentável da geração de mulheres, como Yang Naimei, na vida econômica, política e pessoal. Com a sua juventude passada, ela foi eliminada pela indústria cinematográfica e sofreu com a pobreza e a doença, na segunda metade de sua vida. Tomando Yang Naimei como uma silhueta dos tempos, pode-se refletir sobre as voltas e reviravoltas do caminho de desenvolvimento das mulheres chinesas.

This study aimed to explore the influence of gut microbiota alterations induced by Linderae radix ethanol extract (LREE) on alcoholic liver disease (ALD) in rats and to study the anti-inflammatory effect of LREE on ALD through the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)-nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) pathway. ALD rat models were established by intragastric liquor [50% (v/v) ethanol] administration at 10 mL/kg body weight for 20 days. Rats were divided into six groups: normal group (no treatment), model group (ALD rats), Essentiale group (ALD rats fed with Essentiale, 137 mg/kg), and LREE high/moderate/low dose groups (ALD rats fed with 4, 2, or 1 g LREE/kg). NF-κB and LPS levels were evaluated. Liver pathological changes and intestinal ultrastructure were examined by hematoxylin and eosin staining and transmission electron microscopy. The gut microbiota composition was evaluated by 16S rDNA sequencing. Expression levels of TLR4 and CD68 in liver tissue, and occludin and claudin-1 in intestinal tissue were measured. LREE treatment significantly reduced NF-κB and LPS levels, improved liver pathological changes, and ameliorated intestinal ultrastructure injury. Meanwhile, LREE-fed groups showed a higher abundance of Firmicutes and a lower abundance of Bacteroidetes than the rats in the model group. Administration of LREE suppressed TLR4 overexpression and promoted the expression of occludin and claudin-1 in intestine tissue. Thus, LREE could partly ameliorate microflora dysbiosis, suppress the inflammatory response, and attenuate liver injury in ALD rats. The protective effect of LREE might be related to the LPS-TLR4-NF-κB pathway.

Uma série de catalisadores sólidos básicos de KF/γ-Al2O3foi preparada pelo método deimpregnação úmida e aplicada à síntese de carbonato de glicerina (GC) a partir de glicerol e carbonato de dimetila. As influências do teor de KF e da temperatura de calcinação do catalisador na síntese foram investigadas. Os resultados mostraram que os catalisadores de KF/γ-Al2O3conseguem promover uma conversão eficiente de glicerol emGC. A estrutura e as propriedades dos catalisadores foram estudadas por difratometria de raios X (XRD), espectroscopia no infravermelho por transformada de Fourier (FTIR), adsorção de N2, dessorção térmica programada (TPD) de CO2, espectroscopia fotoeletrônica por raios X (XPS) e pelo método dos indicadores de Hammett. Observou-se que os catalisadores possuem vários tipos de centros básicos, como KF, KAlO2, KOH e possivelmente o íon F-coordenativamenteinsaturado. Os centros fortemente básicos não somente poderiam acelerar a conversão do glicerol, como também aumentar a formação do glicidol a partir da decomposição de GC. A reutilização de KF/γ-Al2O3 mostrou que a decomposição do catalisador, que é causada principalmente pela lixiviação parcial das espécies ativas de potássio, aumenta com o número de usos. Temperaturas altas de calcinação favorecem a transformação de KF emKAlO2e amenizam a desativação do catalisador. Com base na distribuição dos produtos e nos resultados obtidos, foi proposto um mecanismo possível para a reação do glicerol com carbonato de dimetila.

A series of KF/γ-Al2O3 solid base catalysts were prepared by a wet impregnation method and applied to the synthesis of glycerol carbonate (GC) from glycerol and dimethyl carbonate. The influences of KF loading and calcination temperature of catalyst on the synthesis were investigated. The results showed that KF/γ-Al2O3 catalysts could promote glycerol conversion to GC efficiently. The structure and properties of the catalysts were studied by means of X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), N2-adsorption, CO2-temperature programmed desorption (TPD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and Hammett indicator method. It was found that several types of basic centers such as KF, KAlO2, KOH and possibly coordinately unsaturated F- ion existed on the catalysts. The strong basic centers could not only accelerate the conversion of glycerol, but also enhance the formation of glycidol from the decomposition of GC. The recycling of KF/γ-Al2O3 revealed that deactivation of catalyst was strengthened with the reuse times, which was mainly caused by the partial leaching of active potassium species. High calcination temperature favored the transformation of KF to KAlO2 and alleviated the deactivation of the catalyst. Based on the product distribution and obtained results, a possible reaction mechanism on reaction of glycerol with dimethyl carbonate was proposed.